Spirulina production process pdf. SPIRULINA SUPERFOOD 1.

Spirulina production process pdf Nov 1, 2019 · Spirulina is a cyanobacterium most frequently used for animal and human nutrition, especially because of the high content of proteins in Spirulina biomass (up to 60% dry weight), and because of the high nutritional value associated with its vitamin, mineral, and fatty acid content, biological activity, and easy digestibility (Jiménez et al. If powder particle size is large, tablets are prone to appear lobes, piebald, excessive hardness. Thermo-gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, eld emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Jan 1, 2024 · The main use of Spirulina continues to be food production; however, the current trend is to identify novel applications related to health promotion. 2002. In addition, the microalgae used in waste treatment can Apr 9, 2019 · Spirulina is unicellular, filamentous blue-green algae coiled in spirals of varying tightness and numbers measuring about 0. In environments having adequate minerals, it grows rapidly with high nutrient content, low nucleic acid content, high concentrations of vitamins, and minerals. Sato. Thus, Spirulina sp. It is rich in essential elements and compounds, including Government Grants and Subsidies for Spirulina Mass Production: How to Access Support; Profitability in Spirulina Farming Calculating ROI in Large-Scale Production; Automation in Spirulina Farming: How Technology Can Boost Mass Production; Spirulina Quality Control in Mass Production: Ensuring Consistency and Safety process involves inoculation of Spirulina culture in tanks having mechanized agitators to oxygenate the water. Benefits of Spirulina include being rich in nutrients and having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the production of biodiesel from Spirulina sp. The producer of the instant noodles of domestic production now is a lot, kind is a lot, be divided into the more of various tastes, but mostly raw meal is wheat flour, rice meal is also arranged, rare with the instant noodles that health-care flour makes, useful spirulina is processed food in the patent documentation, as 93114950. 2 Life Cycle Assessment II. 5. The blue-green algae is removed from water surface and allowed to dry before purification and production of powder by spray drying process. growth and culture aeration provide the biodegradation of the organic compounds. , 2003, Lupatini et al. Nov 1, 2020 · PDF | Microalgae Spirulina is widely known after NASA successfully used it as a space travel nutritional supplement for astronauts. 0 sq. Spirulina is mainly used as a colouring additive or as a part of a marketing strategy. production offood grade Spirulina. 3). For good preservation and storage, moisture should not exceed 3–4 per cent. 81% of the protein) and a source of naturally rich in vitamins especially vitamin B complex such as vitamin B12 (193 μg / 10 g) and folic acid (9. Oct 14, 2019 · Spirulina Production Flow Chart I. 2. platensis in a SSF process in the presence and absence of amylase. The raceways flow-through system should be the best method of spirulina cultivation for commercial purposes. Closed symbols indicate ethanol concentration (g L À1 ), and open symbols indicate process of extraction and transesterification. Feb 1, 2013 · production process of Spirulina platensis in a plastic reactor (polypropylene wi th 1 L volume) facilitating i ts transport and reducing the cost of pr oduction. The solar radiation cannot be manipulated but its effect There are rigorous quality assurance parameters to be met in our unique Spirulina Production Process. oleifera and spirulina complex nutritional tablets . Nevertheless, the materials required for spirulina cultivation—open-topped, LED-illuminated, steel-framed reactors containing single-use A feasibility analysis of Spirulina biorefinery would provide specific information for the decision-making for the improvement of the Spirulina production process. 1 Goal and Scope Our foreground system is the cultivation process of Spirulina in two solar culture modes under greenhouse: Open and Covered Raceway Ponds (ORP and CRP). Vacuum cast-tape drying allows combining the efficiency of cast-tape drying with the vacuum atmosphere preserving the color and phycocyanin in the dried biomass. e best results for the Jan 1, 2013 · In this investigation, a two-step process was developed for the production of biodiesel from microalgae Spirulina maxima and determined best operating conditions for the steps. can also grow in a mixotrophic culture [14]. Similarly, Kumari et al. They are also initiated in natural habitats like seawater, soil marshes, and brackish waters where there are SPIRULINA SUPERFOOD 1. In developing countries like India where malnutrition is a International organization(s) working with spirulina should consider preparing a practical guide to small-scale spirulina production that could be used as a basis for extension and development methodologies. Spirulina is fast emerging as a complete answer to the varied demands due to its imposing nutrient composition which can be used for therapeutic uses. 57% and contains a high proportion of essential amino acids (38. spirulina good production and protein content, 30-35° C temperature is ideal. Feb 1, 2011 · PDF | Single-cell proteins are the dried cells of microorganism, which are used as protein supplement in human foods or animal feeds. This study introduces a salinity-biostimulants strategy to adapt a freshwater spirulina strain, CBD05, to near-seawater salinity (3 %). Jan 12, 2020 · Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Nordstedt) Gomont was autotrophically cultivated for biomass production in repeated fed-batch process using urea as nitrogen source, with the aim of making large Aug 7, 2022 · For this purpose, the lack of nitrogen (NaNO3) and phosphorous (K2HPO4) in the culture medium resulted in an enhanced Spirulina platensis biomass and total carbohydrate 0. Spirulina sp. •Consistent sun and temperature year-round •Separate production facilities for Spirulina and Haematococcus •Major Spirulina production capacity •Astaxanthin production is consistent and growing to meet market demand Oct 6, 2020 · Process development of spirulina VHH production is in its infancy, and current volumetric productivity is similar to antibody production in CHO when that was introduced as a production platform 43 Sep 13, 2022 · Growth medium for Spirulina Farming . Through on site visits and interviews to the plant owners, a careful, in-depth study of the Spirulina production chain was the first step of the process analysis. This research is a significant step in defining culture conditions that might be used to tune the carbohydrate content of Spirulina. Production and Process. g. 2 Water consumption analysis Commercial mass production of SpirulinaPlatensis as a food supplement has existed since the late 1970s [5]. | Find, read and cite all the research you PRODUCTION CAPACITY- (estimate) Suggested economic capacity : 1Ton /Annum Working : 300 Days /annum Optimum capacity utilization : 70% TECHNOLOGY / MANUFACTURING PROCESS -AVAILABILITY The technology for Spirulina production has been developed at CFTRI, Mysore using appropriate The spirulina industry in China is developing rapidly as a national strategic programme. Natural Habitat: Spirulina is one among numerous algal species found growing in freshwaters. M. ) to analyze the nutrient removal rate. Experiments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Spirulina Powder Production. Light is an important factor but full sunlight may not be the best rate of illumination: 30% of full sun light is actually better, except that more may be required to quickly heat up the Cyanotech’s Production Facility •90 acre facility in Kona, Hawaii. Download: Download high-res image (209KB) Download: Download full-size image Spirulina Society provides open-source tools and knowledge for domestic Spirulina cultivation. Welcome to our deep dive into the step-by-step spirulina production process. Freeze drying (FD) (also known as lyophilization), atmospheric drying (AD), vacuum drying (VD), spray drying (SD), and typical hot air drying are the procedures that are utilized the most often for the commercial Jun 28, 2023 · The use of the microalgal biomass in biorefineries can produce different products, such as biofuel, food, feed, and bioactive compounds. Yet, to date little is known about the dynamic changes of Spirulina under real production in this 2002. In this system, water is constantly circulating so that the nutrients Spirulina, a filamentous blue-green alga, finds worldwide use as a protein supplement in diets of malnourished children and as a medicine in therapeutic preparations. Mar 8, 2024 · This study reports information on the small-scale mass production of spirulina utilizing low cost and locally available media under refined culture conditions in northern Mindanao, Philippines. By direct powder compression process, the raw material powder size directly affects the quality of the tablet. They used four acids (H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 Ethanol was generated along Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 2013. Oct 1, 2021 · One of the main drawbacks of microalgae production is the high production cost of microalgal biomass, which renders the process only viable for certain high-end applications (Garrido-Cardenas et al. INTRODUCTION Spirulina is a microalga which is spiral-shaped that grows naturally in the wild in warm and fresh water lakes. Those can be converted into fermentable sugar through acid and enzymatic hydrol ysis. Jan 6, 2025 · However, its sustainable production is challenged by freshwater scarcity and biological contaminants. Sosa Feb 1, 2024 · Similarly to other microalgae/cyanobacteria, industrial production of Spirulina is determined by (i) the environmental conditions that are imposed by the location and season, (ii) the design and operation of the bioreactor, mainly the operation mode and the imposed dilution rate, and (iii) the harvesting/processing technology and its operational conditions. , C. D. pdf), Text File (. An investigation of the effect of replacing nitrate by urea in the growth and production of chlorophyll by Spirulina platensis. Feb 23, 2021 · Spirulina biomass accounts for 30% of the total algae biomass production globally. Spirulina (Arthrospira) grows naturally in alkaline lakes, and has a long history ofbeing used as a human food. Any kind of water type can be used like the brackish water, rain water, fresh drinking water, etc. The harvest system Nov 1, 2021 · Request PDF | Production of Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis ) powder by innovative and traditional drying techniques | Arthrospira platensis is a cyanobacterium used as food due to its high Mar 1, 2021 · PDF | Spirulina platensis is a cyanobacterium with high biotechnological potential. The mixture of methanol-hexane was employed as both solvent and reactant in the process. Moreover, the environmental impact of cultivation stage is the highest among all the production The end product should have an ash content of ca. 93 ± 0. December 2018 to 30th April 2019 to study the production of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) using different concentration of culture media and chemicals. An important economic indicator of the process is an increase in the yield of biomass and a decrease in the Mar 1, 2021 · PDF | Spirulina platensis is a cyanobacterium with high biotechnological potential. However, the residual biomass from the extraction of Nov 17, 2024 · Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) is a microalga recognised for its rich nutritional composition and diverse bioactive compounds, making it a valuable functional food, feed, and therapeutic agent. necessitating the study of spirulina production processes Sep 1, 2017 · Different phases of Spirulina cultivation system (a) strain selection (b) Growth systems (c) growth parameters (d) Harvesting system (e) Final product as capsules or pellets. Performance of Spirulina in TW was found totally different as compared to both media. Oct 1, 2024 · During the Spirulina algae production process, the present study utilized an automated immunoassay analyzer (AIA-900; LED Illuminant; Tosoh Bioscience, Inc. Danesi, E. Rich source of water as water is main source for this cultivation 10 hours illumination low humidity, low wind, nutrient source must supply the organic and inorganic sources of carbon, nitrogen and minerals Tank Construction Jun 3, 2024 · The process of drying spirulina is responsible for around 30% of the total expenditures incurred throughout the production process . re-evaluate the potential of spirulina to fulfill both their own food security needs as well as a tool for their overseas development and emergency response efforts. Carvalho and S. 2. Though it is a saltwater organism it can also be grown in freshwater (see Fig. was performed through one-step extraction-transesterification using KOH as base catalyst to simplify the production of biodiesel. platensis grown in different salinity stress. Selection of Spirulina Seeds for cultivation A suitable seeds of spirulina is selected for cultivation, Microalgae Coelastrum sp. Currently, there are more than 80 production factories, with a total annual production of more than 350 tons dry powder and total production area of over 10 6 m2. In this study, spirulina which is one of the blue-green algae rich in protein 61. 66 mg / 100 g), which helps the growth and nutrition of the child brain, also rich in calcium and iron Spirulina in biofuel production-Spirulina platensis is a elevated growth rate of 2. Production process optimization of M. However, spirulina-based agricultural products such as biostimulants or biofertilisers, animal feeds (and aquafeeds), or human foods The novel drying technique proposed in this paper for Spirulina powder production is an alternative, low-cost, and potentially scalable technique for small and medium Spirulina producers. C. 00 g/L and 74. Like many other Dec 28, 2020 · dry spirulina biomass per year started production in 1973; its production capacity was thereafter raised to 300 tonnes of medium-grade product per year from 12. February 2011; Spirulina is Arruda et al. ppt), PDF File (. Nov 4, 2023 · The cultivation process of Spirulina involves growing it in alkaline culture solutions in shallow ponds, filtering out the algae, washing, dehydrating, and drying it into a powder. (2009) investigated the viability of the production process of Spirulina platensis in a plastic reactor (polypropylene with 1 L volume) facilitating its transport and reducing the cost of production. Spirulina production can be undertaken on a small scale at village level and may well contribute in solving the local nutritional requirement in rural areas. Mar 19, 2022 · The annual yield of Spirulina (Arthrospira) in China is approximately 10,000 tonnes, accounting for 60–70% of the total capacity in the world. Spirulina cultivation for food and nutraceutical purposes. Dried spirulina contains approximately 60-70 % protein, Vitamin A, B, and K. The ideal conditions for spirulina farming are temperatures between 30-35 degrees C, light intensity between 20-30 K lux, and constantly stirring the spirulina culture. spirulina cannot stand a strong light when cold (below 15°C). Jul 1, 2022 · Although Spirulina biomass exhibits potentiality for biofuel production as a single feedstock due to its lipids and carbohydrate contents and cell structure, biofuel production using residual biomass of Spirulina has not been extensively explored, mainly due to its direct applications. Due to inadequate technical knowledge and training in Spirulina The present technical paper investigates and evaluates the underlying reasons for the recent dramatic rise in prices of many of the commodities (e. The invention relates to a process of preparing spirulina, especially relating to a process including enzymolysis. Our functional unit (FU) is the production of 1 kg of Spirulina biomass (dw: dry weight) contained in wet slurry (20% dw). 98. Our well-trained staff especially in the R&D segment has modernized the Production process using advanced industrial and laboratory technologies. 1 mm. Dec 31, 2015 · A popular blue-green alga with more carbohydrates, Spirulina platensis, was used for ethanol production by Markou et al. Jan 1, 2021 · Spirulina is multi-cellular and filamentous cyano-bacteria that have gained substantial predominance in the health sector, food industry and aquacultures in contemporary times. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel produced mostly by the transesterification method. 0 hectares of natural ponds. In that context, this review aimed to present a parameter assessment to contribute to the economic viability of Spirulina production in a biorefinery system. Mass production system ofSpirulina A schematic diagram ofthe typical production system of Spirulina is presented in Fig. For seedling process, live spirulina can also be used. The cell membrane of basic colloid in spirulina can be effectively removed by this process. Jan 1, 2017 · The results showed that through the optimization formula one can use the mixed raw materials of moringa leaves and spirulina to produce Moringa and spirulina powder complex nutritional tablets using direct powder compression process, in which the ratio of Moringa leaf powder and spirulina powder is 7:3, and the type and content of nutrients are Table 1 shows that COD efficiency removal in the T-25 assay was above 90%. PRODUCTION CAPACITY- (estimate) Suggested economic capacity : 1Ton /Annum Working : 300 Days /annum Optimum capacity utilization : 70% TECHNOLOGY / MANUFACTURING PROCESS -AVAILABILITY The technology for Spirulina production has been developed at CFTRI, Mysore using appropriate Mar 7, 2023 · Spirulina, blue-green algae is now worldwide used as a dietary supplement owing to its richness in protein (50-60%), antioxidants, essential fatty acids, etc. 44% (w/w), respectively. One promising way is the use of plant biostimulants that act at several levels of the agricultural ecosystem to improve crop yield. 3D resources are available to download for free. Nov 29, 2022 · The tension between a growing food global demand, rising environmental impacts of agricultural intensification, and the uncertainty of future climate changes highlight a crucial need for sustainable agricultural practices to improve crop productivity. , soybean, corn, fishmeal, fish oil, rice and wheat) used in aquafeed production and its consequences for the aquafeed industry, and in particular, on demand and expectations from aquaculture in securing current and future fish supplies with Mar 1, 2024 · This approach guarantees the quality of food-grade Spirulina throughout the comprehensive production process. Cultivating spirulina using seawater is leveraged Jan 1, 2013 · PDF | Arthospira (spirulina) is a photosynthetic, spiral-shaped, multicellular and blue-green alga. About 20-25 gm of Spirulina grows in 1. The growth medium utilized forms an important input and accounts for a major share of the costs involved in Spirulina production. , 2015). Spirulina biomass productivity may be enhanced by using the proper medium to lower the cost of spirulina production and improve the nutritional quality of biomass by boosting its iron content through the use of Fe-EDTA at a Jan 12, 2022 · This manual is intended to serve as a guide for the small-scale production of Spirulina both in the laboratory and outdoor setting. The rediscovery ofSpirulina by J. As the largest Spirulina production base in China, Ordos Spirulina Industrial Park in Inner Mongolia plays an important role in the Spirulina industry. With these revelations Spirulina was declared as the best L’essorage est une étape très importante dans la production de la Spiruline. [177]. It Mar 1, 2021 · Two major technologies are being considered for the cultivation of Spirulina: closed photobioreactors (PBR) and open raceway ponds. A low-cost alternative culture medium was formulated using NPK 30-10-10 fertilizer as the main nutrient source, after which the optimum nutrient levels were first determined, followed by refinement of Jun 17, 2023 · process to produce biodiesel from Spirulina microalgae. Rangel Yagui, J. O. This process consumes large amounts of freshwater: 1 ton of water is needed to produce 1 kg of spirulina as a dry powder [30], which can be impractical. May 1, 2024 · Spirulina is a spiral-shaped saltwater alga that belongs to the family of cyanobacterium (blue-green algae). The technological process of the processing method of spirulina powder of the present invention is: select fresh Spirulina → filtrations to extract algae mud and obtain former material → water flushing back of desalting and filter and obtain former wet stock → get rid of filter and concentrate the wet stock → cryogenic freezing that obtains to concentrate and become wet thing piece → May 22, 2023 · PDF | Spirulina, a blue-green microalga is an eminent functional food due to its unique nutritional and disease-mitigating properties. Production of Spirulina by Simple Technology and Locally Available Inputs Production of Spirulina may be greatly simplified, thereby avoiding the high-technology systems described so far. This paper attempts to describe the problems of mass culture of Spirulina, deriving information from two commercial facilities: Siam Algae Company (Thailand) and Earthrise Farms (U. 1. Apr 10, 2013 · Ethanol production from non-treated A. The mass production of spirulina is typically carried out using fresh water. Culture of Spirulina in flask has its control in providing total information linked to growth, expansion and production of value-added chemicals 16, however it would give initial information for more display or profitable cultivation. he best results for the production of biomass found were with 300 mL volume of culture medium and 15% of inoculum with an average May 19, 2021 · Spirulina, a polyphyletic group of algae, is known for its economically significant products and is widely used as a dietary supplement. La pâte verte est laissée dans le même tissu, dont les côtés seront repliés sur eux-mêmes, puis aplanie en forme de rectangle. 9 " spirulina food and processing technologys ", just spirulina Bioresource Technology 92 (2004) 133–141 Chlorophyll production from Spirulina platensis: cultivation with urea addition by fed-batch process Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui, Eliane Dalva Godoy Danesi, Jo~ ao Carlos Monteiro de Carvalho *, Sunao Sato Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences spirulina is necessary for mass production, even at a small scale. A. Let's get growing at home! Nov 17, 2024 · Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) is a microalga recognised for its rich nutritional composition and diverse bioactive compounds, making it a valuable functional food, feed, and therapeutic agent. COD often results from a mixture of proteins (40–60%), carbohydrates (25–50%), and lipids (8–12%). , 2018). In case if you miss this: How to Make Money from Amla Powder Production. However, the residual biomass from the extraction of Keywords Spirulina extract · Bioactive molecules · Plant growth · Elicitor properties · Production process Introduction Modern agriculture and agroindustry are facing major challenges, in particular (1) the increased demand for better food quality, (2) the rise in agricultural losses due to biotic Aug 1, 2019 · A feasibility analysis of Spirulina biorefinery would provide specific information for the decision-making for the improvement of the Spirulina production process. Une biomasse mal essorée peut entraîner un mauvais séchage et par conséquent une Spiruline de moins bonne qualité. The cultivation of spirulina may be made more efficient by focusing on three criteria: production, quality, and cost. Spirulina as therapeutic agent-Apart from being a Jan 1, 2017 · PDF | Spirulina is a blue-green algae. G. , 2015) [4]. It is blue - green algae. International organization(s) working with spirulina should consider preparing a practical guide to small-scale spirulina production that could be Jan 1, 2024 · Spirulina production performance (as with any other microalgal strain) is greatly affected by the process operation, in which the solar radiation, nutrient supply, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, and temperature in the medium have a direct effect on the growth rate (Shi et al. (1994) and Belay (1997). The water used must have the proper chemical II. Chemical catalysis when used on low quality feedstock with a high acid value leads to soap formation and reduction in biodiesel yield. It discusses that spirulina is a type of blue-green algae that is high in protein and grows easily. There are multiple benefits of spirulina. S. 7 per cent. Leonard and Compere in the 1960s (Leonard & Compere, 1967) led to the beginning of mass production of Spirulina for commercial purposes in the late 1970s. Macroalgae or seaweed is considered being promising feedstock for bioethanol production because of high polysaccharides content. It has powerful anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and Nov 1, 2017 · Spirulina is the most nutritious, concentrated food that is known to mankind containing antioxidants, phytonutrients, probiotics, and nutraceuticals. Nov 23, 2022 · Industrial Production of Spirulina Temperature range 30 to 37 °C in the day time and 25 to 30 °C at the night time. In conventional process of Spirulina biomass production, cultivation using chemical-based culture medium contributes 35% of the total production cost. Spirulina 2012. The average size of the Spirulina is 8 µm in diameter and the length varies from 100–200 Sep 25, 2021 · Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Microbial Resources, 6(2): 34-39. , 2016). 23g/Ld, adequate lipid content, desiring an easy and cheap crop medium and generating other precious by-products that would reduce the global price bio-diesel production (Behera et al. High production costs and especially its low production capacity continue to limit the development of novel foods. The first attempt of mass production was Currently there are many companies producing Spirulina in different countries to the tune of 3000 tons a year. Adaptation process is one of the crucial aspects which could reduce the deviation in production of biochemical compounds by A. The effect of salinity on growth, biochemical composition and fatty acid profile of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) grown in sheltered outdoor conditions in Oman. because the pH level maintained in the pond gets no competitors for Spirulina and also at this level of pH no parasites or germs survive in the medium. Sep 8, 2016 · 2. This document provides information about spirulina farming and extraction. Spirulina cultivation general information - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. ( 2015) formulated a cost-effective medi-um for mass production of spirulina by using NPK10-26-26 fertilizer of which the biomass and protein were superior over several standard media tested. Spirulina products are being used as food, forage and medicine. txt) or view presentation slides online. Only a brief de­ scription ofthe production process will be given here as detailed information can be found in the reviews by Belay et al. ). The culture medium for growing Spirulina is made of water and fertilizers. Nov 18, 2020 · PDF | The present study, experimentally aimed to extract oil form spirulina microalgae then convert it to biodiesel via transesterification process. The entire process was subdivided in macro-areas and sub-stages. This research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biodiesel production from non-edible Spirulina-Platensis microalgae lipids, and use the acid-catalyzed in situ transesterification process. meter surface area of water in a day. mud pot Spirulina production uses a medium consisting of biogas slurry, 2 process that Process development of spirulina VHH production is in its infancy, and current volumetric productivity is similar to antibody production in CHO when that was introduced as a production platform 43. The objective of this investigation was to determine the rate at which nutrients could be efficiently recovered from wastewater. An important economic indicator of the process is an increase in the yield of biomass and a decrease in the In the present study, the microalga Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira) was grown in two horizontal photobioreactors (HPBR) under two different irradiances (150 and 270 μmol m-2 s-2). , 2017, Trivedi et al. For drying process, Optimizing a Spirulina production Jun 25, 2017 · PDF | Biodiesel is a renewable, easily biodegradable, eco-friendly and sustainable alternative energy source. microalgae was used in this study. At first glance Spirulina seemed to be a good protein source, however further research revealed that it is a rich source of Vitamins, Minerals and β - carotene. sive in terms of cost of production but, in addition, it produced protein profile similar to that of Zarrouk (Raoof et al. Spirulina general informations along with growing techniques, some easy way to examine and avoid contamination in culture Jun 12, 2020 · Spirulina cultivation and production. Biodiesel production process optimization from Spirulina maxima microalgae and . Continuous production of Arthrospira Spirulina platensis in a helical Photobioreactor. 2006). gtwh nagpvq zlsjhmb flbhah dsc aisfpgu vsn uibp kkmycs enc