Photoprotective mechanism in photosynthesis. These results would contribute to the selection of new .

Photoprotective mechanism in photosynthesis Jan 13, 2021 · Since UV-A/B-dependent signal transduction is independent of photosynthesis (Allorent et al. PSII couples the sequential four step oxidation of water and two step reduction of plastoquinone to single photon photochemistry wit … Nov 18, 2016 · Light in plant canopies is very dynamic, and leaves routinely experience sharp fluctuations in levels of absorbed irradiance. Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) is a common red alga on rocky shores and in Aug 26, 2024 · Plants have evolved various photosynthetic adaptations and photoprotective mechanisms to survive in fluctuating and extreme light environments. Jan 1, 2025 · In response to high light intensity, plants may enhance their PSII activity by improving the mechanisms for removing excess excitation energy, as shown by increased capacities in the photorespiratory pathway and alternative electron flow, and a corresponding decrease in NPQ (Fig. When in excess, light can be dangerous for the photosynthetic apparatus because it can cause photo-oxidative damage and decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis because of photoinhibition. Experiments on the significance of physical properties of the aggregates formed by inverted lipid micelles, which are necessary for de-epoxidation, on the conversion of Vx into antheraxanthin Jan 30, 2022 · Photosynthetic process totally depends on interactive role of major and accessory photosynthetic pigments present on thylakoid membranes. We aim to investigate the changes in primary photochemical processes of photosystem II in response to a short-term photoinhibitory treatment. Moreover, metabolic engineering of microalgae, focused upon the development of renewable fuel biorefineries, has also drawn attention and resulted in efforts Dec 1, 2014 · In this review, evolutionarily different photoprotective mechanisms under fluctuating light conditions are described and their contributions to cyanobacterial and plant photosynthesis are discussed. The mechanism of its survival is quite impressive. 3390/plants10122803. Mar 1, 2024 · Light is required for photosynthesis, but plants are often exposed to excess light, which can lead to photodamage and eventually cell death. 1093/pcp/pcg045. Jun 18, 2015 · 2. Contrarily, its relaxation upon transition to normal light occurs quite slowly, limiting photosynthetic efficiency. Non-Photochemical Quenching Increased and Electron Transport Decreased in Response to Paraquat Exposure. There are multiple types of NPQ, which differ in their mechanisms and their induction and relaxation kinetics. , red (648–672 nm), blue (438–460 nm), and “warm” white light (529–624 Nov 22, 2004 · To combat this, constitutive features of the photosystem, such as the presence of carotenoids to scavenge singlet oxygen and trap triplet states of chlorophyll, are combined with other photoprotective mechanisms which are induced under high levels of illumination to bring about the dissipation of excess chlorophyll excited singlet states. The maxima of the major Raman bands are located at 1157 and 1523 cm −1, the medium bands at 1007 and 1187 cm −1, and many weak bands were also evident in the spectra (Fig. Acad Nov 18, 2016 · Because the photoprotective mechanism that has been altered is common to all flowering plants and crops, the findings provide proof of concept for a route to obtaining a sustainable increase in productivity for food crops and a much-needed yield jump. For clarity, only the macrocyclic rings (cyan) of the various BChl a molecules of FMO are shown numbered 1–8, with the Cys residues (C49 and C353) involved in the redox-regulated quenching. Nov 17, 2024 · Torreya grandis is a widely cultivated fruit species in China that is valued for its significant economic and agricultural importance. Photoprotective mechanisms at the chloroplast level help to avoid oxidative stress and photoinhibition, which is a light-induced reduction in photosynthetic quantum Apr 1, 2022 · However, it is still unknown whether there are differences in photoprotective mechanisms among different light-demanding plants in response to dynamic light, and thus the role of non-photochemical Jul 31, 2019 · Despite these multi-faceted photoprotective mechanisms, light-induced damage to PSII still occurs. If the amount of absorbed light surpasses the capacity of the photosynthetic reactions, the excess energy can damage photosynthetic machinery, resulting in a net energy deficit. [5] aimed to reassess the previously discussed photoprotective role of photorespiration. curcas plants have important photoprotective mechanisms to cope with the harmful effects of salinity. Jul 21, 2020 · Since UV-A/B-dependent signal transduction is independent of photosynthesis10,30, it is possible that the expression kinetics of UV-A/B-induced photoprotective genes is much faster than that controlled by retrograde signaling via photosynthesis under HL exposure in the visible part of the 18spectrum . Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar The excess light energy that is neither utilized in photosynthesis nor dissipated by photoprotective mechanisms determines the rate of photoinactivation in photosystem II Plant Cell Physiol . Under high light intensities, a mechanism known as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) dissipates excess Nov 17, 2024 · The research results indicate that the identified Torreya mutant differs from previously reported mutants, exhibiting a weakened photoprotection mechanism and a significant reduction in carotenoid content and a significant reduction in carotenoid content of approximately 33%. Here, we report the impact of long-term light quality treatment on photosynthetic properties, especially NPQ in rice. curcas exposed to salinity. Changes Light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) serve a dual role in photosynthesis, depending on the prevailing light conditions. Oct 12, 2011 · The molecular mechanism and regulation of violaxanthin (Vx) and diadinoxanthin (Ddx) cycle are discussed. , 2014). 1); and third is the carotenoids (photoprotective nature) that protect Nov 15, 2022 · The typical Raman spectra, obtained by 514. doi: 10. 6); (1) photoprotection by avoiding exposure to light and (2) photoprotection by coping with excess light absorbed by photosynthetic pigments (Baena-Gonzalez and Aro 2002; Holt et al. Triggering qE requires the synthesis Dec 17, 2021 · At the crop level, it would be beneficial to research the response of other apple cultivars to Metamitron with respect to the photoprotective mechanisms within photosynthesis. Sep 20, 2014 · 15 Photoprotective Mechanisms: Carotenoids 415 Recent analysis of ultrafast Chl fluorescence kinetics in intact leaves of Ara- bidopsis [ 120 , 121 ] provided some evidence that at least two Apr 16, 2021 · The heart of the photoprotective mechanism lies in the molecular response to a transmembrane pH gradient (ΔpH). This scavenging system may be responsible for the increased plasticity of young leaves during a broad range of stress responses. thaliana, are composed of strong carotenoid bands. Identification of a mechanism of photoprotective energy dissipation in higher plants. Light is of course essential for photosynthesis and supports most life on earth. , 2010). This process dissipates excess excitation e … Sep 27, 2008 · Dissipation of excess absorbed light energy in eukaryotic photoautotrophs through zeaxanthin- and ΔpH-dependent photosystem II antenna quenching is considered the major mechanism for non-photochemical quenching and photoprotection. Photoprotection is the biochemical process that helps organisms cope with molecular damage caused by sunlight. Schematic illustration of quenching mechanisms in selected organisms. In this study, the effects of 100 mmol L^-1 NaCl and NaHCO₃ stress on chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic function of mulberry … Jun 1, 2013 · Used to measure (and as a synonym for) photoprotective thermal dissipation of excess light energy in photosynthesis. A promising strategy for improving photosynthesis is the design of crops that can quickly bounce back from photoinhibited states and respond faster to fluctuating light conditions. The manifold effects of plant anatomy, physiology and biochemistry on photosynthesis, photosynthate translocation and photoprotection under conditions of K and Mg deficiency May 15, 2011 · Thus, the best global performance of Icatu would be related to the upregulation of photoprotective pigments and other antioxidative mechanisms (Fortunato et al. Download: Download high-res image (192KB) Feb 23, 2024 · The photoprotective properties of the xanthophylls are executed through several mechanisms. , 2016; Tokutsu et al. It involves the quenching of singlet excited state chlorophylls (Chl) via enhanced internal conversion to the ground state (non-radiative decay), thus harmlessly dissipating excess excitation energy as heat through molecular vibrations. , 2017); for example, the intake of CO 2 is disturbed by stomatal closure, which alters enzymatic activities, causes membrane disruption and reduces ATP synthesis and ribulose-1,5-bisphophate (RuBP) regeneration, thus inhibiting RUBISCO activity and effect Sep 13, 2024 · Photosynthesis is one of the most fundamental processes in biology, providing energy and oxygen to sustain life on Earth. The heart of the photoprotective mechanism lies in the molecular response to a transmembrane pH gradient Mar 1, 2020 · Chlorophyll (Chl) and effective photoprotective mechanism are important prerequisites to ensure the photosynthetic function of plants under stress. Recent reports show an important role of redox-based dithiol–disulphide interchanges, mediated both by classical and atypical chloroplast thioredoxins (TRXs), in the control of these photoprotective Mar 1, 2021 · Although diverse photoprotective mechanisms help minimize photooxidative stress, the photosynthetic apparatus remains vulnerable to damage by light (Allahverdiyeva and Aro, 2012; Jin et al. May 1, 2014 · Since Arabidopsis thaliana has been widely used as a model system in understanding the physiological mechanisms of higher plants [9], it was chosen as the non-target organism for the study of the photoprotective mechanism to Pq action in the absorbed light energy of photosynthesis. 1. One Mar 15, 2003 · Masaharu C. However, the mechanism that photosynthetic capacity is suppressed by N is not completely understood. Apr 18, 2018 · Photoprotective mechanisms respond to both K and Mg deficiency, with the potential of decreased F v /F m and enhanced NPQ, antioxidant enzyme activity and photorespiration. OCP Orange carotenoid protein involved in flexible NPQ in many phycobilisome-containing cyanobacteria. The influence of lipids on the de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments was investigated. De Souza et al. Plants and microalgae have developed photoprotective mechanisms collectively referred to as In addition, different mechanisms to dissipate excess energy operate in plants to protect and optimise photosynthesis under adverse conditions. We used three LED-based light regimes, i. 7). A, quenching in green bacteria located in chlorosomes and FMO complex under oxidizing conditions. Dec 1, 2020 · Increased photosystem II translation efficiency as an important photoprotective mechanism in an Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype (Tibet-0) adapted to high light environments Photosynthesis uses In the light-response curves for photosynthesis (Figure 12. Apr 1, 2022 · NPQ is activated when water splitting in excess of the capacity of the downstream molecular machinery leads to a pH drop in the lumen [5]. demonstrated that by overexpressing NPQ-related genes, faster NPQ relaxation and enhanced photosynthesis can be achieved under fluctuating light Nov 1, 2011 · Request PDF | Violaxanthin and Diadinoxanthin Cycles as an Important Photoprotective Mechanism in Photosynthesis | The molecular mechanism and regulation of violaxanthin (Vx) and diadinoxanthin Apr 18, 2018 · Photoprotective mechanisms respond to both K and Mg deficiency, with the potential of decreased F v /F m and enhanced NPQ, antioxidant enzyme activity and photorespiration. We address the biochemistry of the xanthophyll cycle Dec 27, 2022 · High light exposure rapidly activates non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), protecting plants from photooxidative damage. Further, plant molecular and physiological mechanisms evolved to reduce photosynthetic damages like photochemical and non-photochemical quenching, recent knowledge to enhance photosynthesis, including its cross-talk with plant growth regulators and microRNA-mediated regulation have also Jan 28, 2021 · Beside that some non-stomatal mechanisms also decrease photosynthesis (Hajiboland et al. Nature 450 , 575–578 (2007). To achieve this balancing act, plants employ a photoprotective mechanism called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). , 2019b), it is possible that the expression kinetics of UV-A/B-induced photoprotective genes are much faster than those of genes controlled by retrograde signaling via photosynthesis under HL exposure in the visible part of the Feb 14, 2015 · The overlap of xanthophyll pigments-related photoprotective NPQ with several other mechanisms involved in the cell response (Photosystem II photoinactivation, changes in pigments composition, and Photosystem II (PSII) of photosynthesis catalyzes one of the most challenging reactions in nature, the light driven oxidation of water and release of molecular oxygen. Oct 31, 2008 · Under such circumstances, the limiting of the light absorption by the photosynthetic apparatus efficiently augments the general photoprotective mechanisms of the plant cell, such as reparation of macromolecules, elimination of reactive oxygen species, and thermal dissipation of the excessive light energy absorbed. To cope with a rapidly fluctuating light environment, vascular plants and algae have evolved a photoprotective mechanism that serves to downregulate the transfer of excitation energy in the light-harvesting complexes to the photosynthetic reaction centers. This will expand our understanding of the different phenotypes of photoprotection within apple cultivars and contribute to our overall understanding of photosynthetic Mar 22, 2018 · High sunlight can raise plant growth rates but can potentially cause cellular damage. Torreya grandis is a widely cultivated fruit species in China that is valued for its significant economic and . Plant Biol. The main target of photooxidative damage is the photosystem II (PSII) supercomplex ( Allahverdiyeva and Aro, 2012 ; Ohad et al. FDPs were lost in angiosperms during the course of evolution, presumably due to more sophisticated and energetically less costly regulatory mechanisms of photosynthesis. In the unicellular green alga reinhardtii, NPQ is activated as a photoprotective Chlamydomonas mechanism through wavelength-specific light signaling pathways mediated by the phototropin (blue light) and UVR8 (ultra-violet light, UV) photoreceptors. The black arrow indicates causal link while red line indicates negative effect. These results would contribute to the selection of new Mar 12, 2010 · The xanthophyll cycle represents one of the important photoprotection mechanisms in plant cells. Apr 17, 2018 · Plants have evolved many photoprotective mechanisms in order to face reactive oxygen species production and thus avoid photoinhibition. However, in natural environmental conditions, they are likely Jul 10, 2022 · In any case, we might face a situation where numerous photoprotective mechanisms have been developed throughout the LHCII evolution, with different pieces as main or side mechanisms to be revealed by molecular simulations, or the experimental literature, dependent on the conditions, while the greater puzzle picture remains to be resolved May 24, 2024 · Ruban, A. To cope with this stress, these organisms have evolved photoprotective mechanisms. Results Mar 1, 2020 · Chlorophyll synthesis and the photoprotective mechanism in leaves of mulberry (Morus alba L. Oct 1, 2024 · This particular reaction has led to the assumption that photorespiration can serve as a photoprotective electron sink under some conditions [4]. We show that maintaining P700 in an oxidized state is an important photoprotector mechanism, avoiding ROS burst in J. relative importance of these photoprotective mechanisms, with a particular focus on photosynthesis control and its role in the pH-dependent control of plastoquinol (PQH 2) oxidation at the Qo-site of the Cyt b6f complex, which regulates the overall rate of the intersystem electron transport. Jan 3, 2018 · Photosynthesis Research, Vol. These mechanisms were proven to be efficient in different cultivars when subjected to excessive Fe or high-temperature stress, as highlighted by the heatmap (Fig. Jan 1, 2014 · Although light is essential for photosynthesis, its excess could be damaging. A mismatch between the speed of response of the regulatory processes to changes in illumination means that performance of plants in the field could be less than optimal [ 43 ]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Photoprotection occurs via several different mechanisms, often acting in concert with one another: Avoidance, Photorespiration, Dissipation, and Anti-oxidation. However, light intensity and spectral quality are highly variable in space and time according to time of day, season, geography, climate, and the position of leaf within canopy and cell within leaf. Sep 30, 2015 · Solar radiation is essential for photosynthesis and global crop productivity but it is also variable in space and time, frequently being limiting or in excess of plant requirements depending on season, environment and microclimate. Apr 6, 2018 · In this Minireview, various photoprotective quenching mechanisms that have been identified in different photosynthetic organisms are surveyed and summarized, and implications for improving photosynthetic productivity are briefly discussed. Photosynthesis is the process by which photosynthetic organisms transform light energy into chemical energy, which May 1, 2023 · When photoautotrophic organisms sense excess light, they induce the mechanisms to avoid photodamage by triggering the expression of photoprotective genes (Lautenschlager et al. These mechanisms include quenching of singlet and triplet excited states of chlorophyll, synthesis of antioxidant molecules and enzymes and repair processes for damaged photosystem II and photosystem I reaction These results suggest that sun plants had higher NPQ and CEF for photoprotection under transient high light and mainly allocated light energy through Φ PSII and Φ NPQ, while shade plants had a higher Φ f,d and a larger heat dissipation efficiency of PSI donor. 5 nm laser line excitation on the leaves of A. 58, 199–217 83 Munekaga, Y. , 2019b), it is possible that the expression kinetics of UV-A/B-induced photoprotective genes are much faster than those of genes controlled by retrograde signaling via photosynthesis under HL exposure in the visible part of the Dec 17, 2021 · Metamitron, a Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain Inhibitor, Modulates the Photoprotective Mechanism of Apple Trees Plants (Basel) . , 2018). This paper summarized the recent research progress in the effects of leaf anthocyanin on plant photosynthesis, including the distribution of leaf anthocyanin, its spectral properties, and its relationships with photosynthetic pigments, with the focus on the potential mechanisms of anthocyanins photoprotection, including light absorption Oct 1, 2018 · Recent studies examining the photoprotective strategies used by plants in low temperature conditions (Verhoeven, 2013), and those used by desiccation tolerant organisms in desiccating conditions (Proctor, 2001, Fernández-Marín et al. 116, In Vitro Reconstitution of the Cyanobacterial Photoprotective Mechanism Mediated by the Orange Carotenoid Protein in The activation of photorespiration as electron sink under Fe excess with increasing temperature during heatwaves appear as a major mechanism to alleviate oxidative stress in cultivars tolerant to excess Fe. No similar mechanism currently exists or functions in plant chloroplasts. This will expand our understanding of the different phenotypes of photoprotection within apple cultivars and contribute to our overall understanding of photosynthetic May 17, 2020 · Photosynthesis 4 | Photoprotective Mechanisms in Photosynthesis | Non Photochemical Quenching | D1 Protein Damage | Photosynthesis CSIR NET PYQ | ARS NET W Oct 1, 2018 · Furthermore, the view that D1 loss of function is due to increased damage (potentially when all other photoprotective mechanisms fail) has been critically discussed by Adams et al. Natl. This process effectively dissipates excess energy as heat, preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). )Fuji. Kato, Kouki Hikosaka, Naoki Hirotsu, Amane Makino, Tadaki Hirose, The Excess Light Energy that is neither Utilized in Photosynthesis nor Dissipated by Photoprotective Mechanisms Determines the Rate of Photoinactivation in Photosystem II, Plant and Cell Physiology, Volume 44, Issue 3, 15 March 2003, Pages 318–325, https://doi. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing and measured photosynthetic performance indicators to compare photoprotective quenching mechanisms that have been identi-fied in different photosynthetic organisms are surveyed and summarized, and implications for improving photosynthetic productivity are briefly discussed. Schlau-Cohen 1,* Carotenoids are accessory pigments in photosynthesis that serve a range of functions such as light harvesting, photoprotection, and structural stabilization. There are also numerous short-term photoprotective mechanisms that are This photoprotective mechanism is essential for the adaptation of cyanobacteria to light-induced stress. Hart,1 and Gabriela S. , 2009), have found some interesting similarities in chlorophyll fluorescence and photoprotective pigment responses in the two forms of extreme stress Abstract. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into biomass and oxygen. The potted trees were exposed to drought stress for 12 days and different light conditions (100, 60 and 25% sunlight). (2004) Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is essential for photosynthesis. et al. The harmless dissipation of excess excitation energy is considered to be the primary photoprotective mechanism and is most effective in the combined presence of PsbS protein Both enzymes are part of the reactive oxygen species scavenging system, a separate photoprotective mechanism not related to NPQ. The likelihood of deleterious effects is lowered by a sophisticated set of photoprotective mechanisms, one of Jan 13, 2021 · Since UV-A/B-dependent signal transduction is independent of photosynthesis (Allorent et al. 3. Plants have evolved many photoprotective mechanisms in order to face reactive oxygen species production and thus To detoxify reactive oxygen species that are inevitably produced during high light stress, plants have antioxidants including carotenoids, ascorbate, and tocopherols. However, this absorption carries with it the potential to damage the photosynthetic machinery, primarily photosystem II (PSII), thus causing photoinhibition. Presence of hydroxyl groups at the β- and ε-rings imparts amphiphilic properties to lutein and allows its localization in the thylakoid membrane. , 2010), as they are decisive to the extent of the impairments during the stress exposure and to the promptness of recovery after stress removal (Lima et al. Jan 1, 2011 · Plants absorb sunlight to power the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis. Below, I review various Jun 9, 2023 · The Antarctic lichen, Xanthoria elegans, in its hydrated state has several physiological mechanisms to cope with high light effects on the photosynthetic processes of its photobionts. ) seedlings under NaCl and NaHCO 3 stress revealed by TMT-based proteomics analyses Author links open overlay panel Zhang Huihui a b 1 , Wang Yue b 1 , Li Xin a b , He Guoqiang c , Che Yanhui b , Teng Zhiyuan b , Shao Jieyu b , Xu Nan b d , Sun Guangyu b Photoinactivation of PSII is thought to be caused by the excessive light energy that is neither used for photosynthetic electron transport nor dissipated as heat. 1 E) (Huang et al. Photosynthetic capacity and photosynthesis-related genes were comparatively analyzed in a shade-tolerant species Panax notoginseng grown under the levels of low N (LN), moderate N (MN) and high N (HN). Nature 318(6047):618–624 Since UV-A/B-dependent signal transduction is independent of photosynthesis (Allorent et al. Dec 30, 2020 · Accordingly, it would be more correct to call the mechanism feedback energy dissipation, or photoprotective energy dissipation. We found that J. This mechanism apparently involves the action of the so-called xanthophyll cycle (this important photoprotective mechanism is discussed in more detail below). photoprotective mechanisms are induced to pro-tect the photosynthetic antenna complexes from overexcitation (2). Under excess light conditions, LHCs perform photoprotective quenching functions to prevent harmful chemical species such as triplet chlorophyll and Light is essential for photosynthesis but light levels that exceed an organism’s assimilation capacity can cause serious damage or even cell death. , 2002, Fortunato et al. In cyanobacteria, three types of photosynthetic pigment content are present: First is chlorophyll a (major pigments); second is phycobiliproteins (PBPs: light-harvesting pigments) (Fig. Sep 1, 2020 · Understanding the photoprotection mechanisms in natural photosynthesis is important when we try to construct robust antenna systems for utilization in artificial photosynthesis. Because plants and other photosynthetic species have been dealing with light for eons, they have had to develop photoprotective mechanisms to limit light damage. To prevent this, they evolved photoprotective feedback mechanisms that regulate photosynthesis and trigger processes that dissipate light energy as heat, called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Learning about the causes of light- induced tissue damage and the details of the natural photoprotective mechanisms can help us can find ways to adapt these processes for the benefit Here we present an atomic scale view of the photoprotective mechanism Photosynthesis is a natural process that relies on solar energy harvesting and its transformation into chemical energy in Dec 15, 2020 · Other photoprotective mechanisms proposed, such as, role of photo-inactivated PSII complexes may also effectively dissipate excess excitation energy as heat 45, and since the photoinhibitory Aug 3, 2016 · Clayton RK (1980) Photosynthesis: physical mechanisms and chemical patterns. Photosynthesis is initiated by the capture and trapping of solar energy by light-harvesting systems in thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria or chloroplasts. Dec 1, 2023 · This review focuses on understanding the crucial photosynthetic component damage caused by abiotic stress. Jan 1, 2019 · Photoprotective mechanisms such as avoidance, nonphotochemical quenching to dissipate excess excited-state energy as heat, synthesis of photoactive proteins such as orange carotenoid protein, fluorescence recovery protein, early shock proteins, late acclimation proteins, antioxidative enzymes, sunscreens such as scytonemin and mycosporine-like Mar 1, 2024 · NPQ is an important photoprotective mechanism that converts excess light energy into heat to prevent photoinhibition in photosynthesis (Ruban and Murchie, 2012, Ruban, 2016). 7 above), photosynthesis is regarded as light limited in the initial linear region of the curve. Photoprotective processes prevent or minimize generation of oxidizing molecules, scavenge reactive oxygen species efficiently, and repair damage that inevitably occurs. The manifold effects of plant anatomy, physiology and biochemistry on photosynthesis, photosynthate translocation and photoprotection under conditions of K and Mg deficiency Mar 21, 2018 · The efficiency of photosynthesis is a balance between the energy invested in growth and the energy used or expended in protection and repair mechanisms. In spite of these photoprotective mechanisms, photodamage may still occur, and efficient repair of damaged systems could be a photoprotective mechanism. Sep 1, 2015 · The effects of light intensity on photosynthesis and photoprotective mechanisms under progressive drought were studied on apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. One such mechanism is energy-dependent quenching (qE), which dissipates excess light energy Sep 24, 2015 · Overexposure to sunlight, which is damaging to natural photosynthetic systems of green plants and cyanobacteria, is also expected to be damaging to artificial photosynthetic systems. In the second paper, an obligately photosynthetic organism is found deep in the ocean, well beyond where any sunlight could possibly sustain photosynthesis. Aug 27, 2021 · We suggest that measurements of photosynthesis, and the consequential estimation of the putative photoprotective role of anthocyanins conducted in most ecophysiological studies at just one point of the day, may provide misleading conclusions, unless taking into account the differential effects of environmental stimuli (stressors) on the suite Jul 30, 2019 · Prevention: Regulation of Light Capture as a Photoprotective Mechanism Across Photosynthetic Organisms Non-photochemical Quenching Regulation of Light-Harvesting Efficiency. Excess excitation energy in the photosystem II (PSII) antenna complex can be harmlessly dissipated as heat, which is observable as a process named nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) (3). Introducing FDPs to chloroplasts is a tempting possibility to equip angiosperms with an additional photoprotective mechanism for improved robustness and ideally, higher crop Annu. The tolerance to iron toxicity and heat stress is associated with increased photoprotective mechanisms driving non-photochemical dissipation. 2003 Mar;44(3):318-25. To prevent this, they evolved photoprotective feedback mechanisms that regulate photosynthesis and trigger processes that dissipate light energy as heat, calle … Nov 5, 2019 · Proof of principle now exists that major photoprotective processes such as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) directly determine whole canopy photosynthesis, biomass and yield via prevention of photoinhibition and a momentary downregulation of photosynthetic quantum yield. , 2019b), it is possible that the expression kinetics of UV-A/B-induced photoprotective genes are much faster than those of genes controlled by retrograde signaling via photosynthesis under HL exposure in the visible part of the It has been hypothesized that structural colour may have a photoprotective function in these organisms [8,11] and/or provide a mechanism that produces an increase in photosynthesis but the impact of structural colours on the molecular photosynthetic machinery is still unknown [8,13]. Nov 22, 2007 · LHCII, the main light-harvesting complex in photosynthesis, has an inbuilt capability to undergo transformation into a dissipative state by conformational change, but it was not known if such Apr 8, 2023 · A dominant photoprotective mechanism, called qE (energy-dependent quenching), results in the harmless dissipation of excess absorbed light energy as heat 1,2. In low light, they ensure photosynthetic efficiency by maximizing the light absorption cross-section and subsequent energy storage. The non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) that reflects heat dissipation of excitation energy in the antenna system and serves as a photoprotective mechanism, increased in both leaf types due to Pq exposure (Figure 1 A). , 1984 ; Rokka et al Mar 29, 2016 · A number of photoprotective mechanisms over a wide range of time scales have been reported (Fig. (2005) Differential use of two cyclic electron flows around photosystem I for driving CO2-concentration mechanism in C4 photosynthesis. However, historically, the name NPQ came from a method that uses chlorophyll fluorescence, a competitive de-excitation channel of chlorophyll-excited states, as a gauge that easily measures this feedback dissipation The green boxes indicate photoprotective mechanisms. Cytochrome b6f and flexibility of thylakoid electron Jan 1, 2023 · Understanding the photoprotective mechanism of cyanobacteria in response to HL will pave the way for developing stress-tolerance and photosynthetic efficient cyanobacteria species as “microbial cell factories”. The genetic introduction of such a mechanism has the potential to improve plant responses to stress/high light and therefore enhance productivity. , 2018), thereby Dec 23, 2013 · The fact that the Flv2/Flv4-mediated electron transfer mechanism is part of the photochemical processes, whereas OCP-mediated fluorescence quenching represents the nonphotochemical processes, puts these photoprotective mechanisms theoretically in competition for energy dissipation. Apr 1, 2015 · This review compares the diverse photoprotective mechanisms that are used to dissipate (quench) PSII excitation within the antenna systems of higher land plants, green algae, diatoms, and cyanobacteria. 2004; Takahashi and Badger 2011). Our Apr 17, 2018 · Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into biomass and oxygen. Analysis of possible photoprotective mechanisms revealed that high carotenoid content and up-regulation of the photoprotective flavodiiron operon flv4-sll0218-flv2 protected PSII in ÁsigCDE, while up-regulation of pgr5-like, hlipB or isiA genes in the mutant strain did not offer particular protection against photoinhibition. Phytohormones play crucial roles in developmental processes, from organ initiation to senescence, due to their role as growth and developmental regulators, as well as their central role in the regulation of photosynthesis. May 1, 2023 · When photoautotrophic organisms sense excess light, they induce the mechanisms to avoid photodamage by triggering the expression of photoprotective genes (Lautenschlager et al. structural colour may have a photoprotective function in these organisms [8,11] and/or provide a mechanism that produces an increase in photosynthesis [12] but the impact of structural colours on the molecular photosynthetic machinery is still unknown [8,13]. , 2007, Murchie and Niyogi, 2011, Pinnola and Bassi, 2018; Bassi, 2018). 14: Nanotechnology of Photosynthesis Dec 2, 2016 · In photosynthetic organisms, the production of dangerous oxygen species is stimulated under high irradiance. Nature has solved the problem through a photoprotective mechanism called “nonphotochemical quenching,” in which excess solar energy is safely dissipated as heat. (2013) who proposed regulated repression of photosynthetic genes by increased source or decreased sink activity as a cause of photoinhibition. State transition, which regulates the energy transfer from PBS to the two photosystems, is believed to be the dominant mechanism in cyanobacteria for photoprotection of photosynthesis. V. Photosynthesis is not only essential for plants, but it also sustains life on Earth. Many light-activated photosynthetic proteins and enzymes adjust to plant leaf anatomy and leaf pigments to facilitate these processes. Jan 1, 2022 · To avoid this, cyanobacteria have evolved photoprotective mechanisms that dissipate absorbed energy. Plants have evolved many photoprotective mechanisms in order to face reactive oxygen species Jul 21, 2020 · avoiding the generation of reactive oxygen species and maintaining efficient photosynthesis. Nature 429, 579–582 84 Takabayashi, A. Jan 3, 2018 · In this minireview, various photoprotective quenching mechanisms that have been identified in different photosynthetic organisms are surveyed and summarized, and implications for improving Feb 18, 2021 · Is this chapter, we have explained, how carotenoids act as an accessory pigment in the process of photosynthesis, which mechanisms and factors plat an important role in this process. Under excessive amounts of light, plants use non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanisms to dissipate excess Feb 21, 2024 · It has been hypothesized that structural colour may have a photoprotective function in these organisms [8,11] and/or provide a mechanism that produces an increase in photosynthesis but the impact of structural colours on the molecular photosynthetic machinery is still unknown [8,13]. However, in natural environmental conditions, they are likely Light is required for photosynthesis, but plants are often exposed to excess light, which can lead to photodamage and eventually cell death. Photosynthetic organisms employ an efficient repair system to replace damaged subunits within PSII reaction centers and restore PSII function (reviewed in Li et al. Rev. When in excess, light can be dangerous for the photosynthetic apparatus because it can cause photo-oxidative damage and decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis because of Beja et al. When light intensity is too high or increases too fast for photochemistry to use the absorbed energy, several photoprotective mechanisms are induced to protect the photosynthetic antenna complexes from overexcitation (). Jun 28, 2020 · Background Nitrogen (N) is an essential component of photosynthetic apparatus. Dec 23, 2013 · The fact that the Flv2/Flv4-mediated electron transfer mechanism is part of the photochemical processes, whereas OCP-mediated fluorescence quenching represents the nonphotochemical processes, puts these photoprotective mechanisms theoretically in competition for energy dissipation. Apr 17, 2018 · This review focuses on the mechanisms involved in photoprotection of chloroplasts through dissipation of energy absorbed in excess. The molecular mechanisms underlying pigment formation and photosynthetic performance in Torreya leaf color mutants remain to be fully elucidated. Plants and microalgae have developed photoprotective mechanisms collectively referred to as non-photochemical quenching to minimize such potential damage. Notably, Elysia timida displayed remarkable tolerance to high-light stress and sophisticated photoprotective mechanisms such as an active xanthophyll cycle, efficient D1 protein recycling, accumulation of heat-shock proteins and α-tocopherol. Proc. In contrast, Elysia crispata exhibited absence or limitations in these photoprotective strategies. 2021 Dec 17;10(12):2803. Based on the energetic premise that photorespiration consumes more ATP Apr 5, 2022 · However, it is still unknown whether there are differences in photoprotective mechanisms among different light-demanding plants in response to dynamic light, and thus the role of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), electron transport, and light energy allocation of photosystems in photoprotection needs to be further understood in different light At the crop level, it would be beneficial to research the response of other apple cultivars to Metamitron with respect to the photoprotective mechanisms within photosynthesis. Jan 8, 2022 · Light is essential for photosynthesis but light levels that exceed an organism’s assimilation capacity can cause serious damage or even cell death. 1). (ii) The recent study by Smith et al. org Apr 1, 2021 · Photosynthesis is tightly regulated in order to withstand dynamic light environments. , 2016; Bennett et al. Several chlorophyll a fluorescence techniques: (1) slow Kautsky Apr 17, 2018 · Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into biomass and oxygen. The so-called state 1-state 2 transitions regulate the balance of excitation energy distribution between both photosystems via lateral diffusion of LHCII (in particular, under low light Safe operation of photosynthesis is vital to plants and is ensured by the activity of processes protecting chloroplasts against photo-damage. PB Nov 19, 2018 · Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of the excited state of chlorophyll a is a major photoprotective mechanism plants utilize to survive under high light. S7). The decreased luminal pH directly triggers energy-dependent quenching in higher plants, known as qE, as well as the enzymatic conversion of the carotenoid violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, which activates zeaxanthin-dependent quenching, known as qZ [6]. This review summarizes several photoprotective mechanisms operating within chloroplasts of plants and green algae. Such versatility is enabled by their unique electronic structure, which Jan 13, 2021 · Request PDF | UV-A/B radiation rapidly activates photoprotective mechanisms in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Conversion of light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis in the May 1, 2024 · Photoprotective mechanisms and photorespiration are key points for iron stress and heatwave tolerance in rice (Fig. However, at higher photon irradiances once the light-saturation point (that is, the maximum rate of photosynthesis) has been reached, further increases in light will exceed the energy-utilising capacity of that photosynthesising leaf. Cyanobacteria , flavodiiron proteins , green algae , PGR5 , PGRL1 , photodamage , photosynthesis , Photosystem I (PSI) , plant , terminal oxidases. e. However, the relationship between the photoinactivation rate and excess energy has not solar energy is dissipated during the photoprotective state and its transient recovery3,4. Google Scholar Deisenhofer J, Epp O, Miki K, Hüber R, Michel H (1985) Structure of the protein subunits in the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis at 3Å resolution. 5. However, there is mounting evidence of a zeaxanthin-independent pathway for dissipation of excess light energy based within the PSII reaction centre that may also photosynthesis with 2D electronic spectroscopy Minjung Son,1,2 Stephanie M. 2 Role of Carotenoids as Accessory Pigment Nov 17, 2024 · Altered Photoprotective Mechanisms and Pigment Synthesis in Torreya grandis with Leaf Color Mutations: An Integrated Transcriptome and Photosynthesis Analysis This review highlights the most recent results in the manipulation of the fundamental mechanisms of algal photosynthesis, which revealed that a significant yield enhancement is feasible. show the occurrence of this phenomenon in two unexpected places: bacteria and the ocean. Nov 17, 2010 · Extract. Significant reduction in photosynthetic efficiency, called “photo-inhibition”, is observed upon exposure to light intensity exceeding plant capacity for electron transport (reflected in the photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching). Light energy can be physically Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a mechanism employed by plants and algae to protect themselves from the adverse effects of high light intensity. The protein PsbS was identified as gene product required for NPQ activation in Apr 21, 2020 · Phenotypes of Col-0 and mutant plants lacking short-term photoprotective mechanism, such as the npq4-1 mutant lacking the PSBS subunit responsible of NPQ, the pgrl1ab and pgr5 mutants devoid of However, photosynthesis runs on an energetic tightrope. Plants and other oxygenic phototrophs have developed a suite of photoprotective mechanisms to prevent photoinhibition and oxidative stress caused by excess or fluctuating light conditions. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge about the violaxanthin cycle of vascular plants, green and brown algae, and the diadinoxanthin cycle of the algal classes Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Haptophyceae, and Dinophyceae. wxnd vzi kxdncxa eaok nuepzoq inregt dpo kxeutf pzrde hcpnixd